Diabetic foot infections are a serious complication that can arise in individuals with diabetes. These infections often result from a combination of poor blood circulation, nerve damage (neuropathy), and an impaired immune response, making them particularly challenging to treat.  

When left untreated, they can lead to severe complications, including amputation. Understanding the causes, recognizing the symptoms, and knowing the appropriate treatment methods are crucial for preventing these outcomes. 


5 common causes of diabetic foot infections 

1. Neuropathy: Diabetes can cause nerve damage, particularly in the feet, leading to a loss of sensation. This means that minor injuries or sores can go unnoticed and untreated, becoming infected over time. 

2. Poor circulation: Diabetes is often accompanied by peripheral artery disease (PAD), which reduces blood flow to the extremities. Poor circulation makes it difficult for the body to heal wounds and fight infections, increasing the risk of foot ulcers and subsequent infections. 

3. Foot ulcers: Ulcers are open sores that can develop on the feet of people with diabetes. These ulcers can become infected if not properly managed, especially in the presence of neuropathy and poor circulation. 

4. Compromised immune response: Because diabetes can weaken the immune system, this condition can make it harder for the body to fight off infections. This can turn a small, treatable wound into a severe infection that spreads quickly. 

5. Trauma or minor injuries: Even minor injuries like cuts, blisters, or calluses can become infected if proper foot care is not maintained. In diabetics, these injuries often heal more slowly, providing an opportunity for bacteria to grow and cause infections. 

 

Symptoms of diabetic foot infections 

Recognizing the symptoms of a diabetic foot infection early can prevent the condition from worsening. Common symptoms include: 

  • Redness and swelling: Infected areas often become red and swollen. The skin around the wound may feel warm to the touch. 

  • Pain: Although some people with neuropathy may not feel pain, others may experience sharp or throbbing pain around the infected area. 

  • Pus or discharge: The presence of pus or any unusual discharge from a wound is a clear sign of infection. 

  • Foul odor: An infected foot ulcer may emit a foul smell, which can indicate tissue breakdown and severe infection. 

  • Fever: A systemic infection may cause fever, indicating that the infection has spread beyond the foot. 

  • Discoloration or necrosis: Darkening of the skin or black tissue around the wound may indicate tissue death (necrosis), a serious complication requiring immediate medical attention. 

Treatment methods for diabetic foot infections 

Treating diabetic foot infections involves a combination of medical management and wound care. The approach depends on the severity of the infection. 

Antibiotics 

Topical or oral antibiotics: For mild infections, topical antibiotics may be sufficient. Oral antibiotics are commonly prescribed for more extensive infections. 

Intravenous antibiotics: In severe cases, where the infection has spread or is resistant to oral antibiotics, IV antibiotics may be necessary. 

Wound care 

Debridement: Removing dead or infected tissue is essential for promoting healing and preventing the spread of infection. 

Dressing: Proper wound dressing helps keep the area clean and protected from further contamination. 

Offloading 

Reducing pressure on the affected foot, often through special footwear or devices, can prevent further injury and promote healing. 

Surgery 

Drainage of abscesses: If an abscess has formed, surgical drainage may be required. 

Amputation: In extreme cases, when the infection cannot be controlled, amputation of the affected toe, foot, or leg may be necessary to prevent the infection from spreading further. 

Blood sugar control 

Maintaining ideal blood sugar levels is necessary for preventing infections and promoting the healing of existing wounds. 

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy 

In some cases, hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is used to enhance the oxygen supply to the infected area, promoting healing and helping to fight the infection. 

 

Preventive measures 

Preventing diabetic foot infections is essential, especially given the potential severity of complications. Some key preventive measures include: 

  • Regular foot exams: Routine foot exams by a healthcare professionals can help detect early signs of foot problems before they become serious. 

  • Proper foot hygiene: Keeping feet clean and dry, and inspecting them daily for cuts, blisters, or other injuries, is vital. 

  • Wearing appropriate footwear: Wearing well-fitted shoes that protect the feet can help prevent injuries. 

  • Managing blood sugar levels: Good glycemic control reduces the risk of complications, including foot infections. 

ICD-10 Code for diabetic foot infections: E11.621 

The ICD-10 code commonly associated with diabetic foot infections is E11.621. This code is used for “type 2 diabetes mellitus with foot ulcer,” which often encompasses diabetic foot infections as they frequently stem from foot ulcers. 

Diabetic foot infections are a serious health concern that requires prompt attention and comprehensive care. By understanding the causes, recognizing the symptoms early, and adhering to recommended treatment and preventive measures, individuals with diabetes can significantly reduce their risk of severe complications. Regular monitoring and maintaining proper foot care can help manage this condition effectively.
 

Want to learn how to treat early stage diabetic foot ulcers and other wounds?

Our Diabetic Wound Management courses help you advance your clinical knowledge on providing effective wound care treatment. Prepare for the DWC credentialing exam with our online or onsite course options.


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